From Infinity (Wuji 无极) to Taiji (太极)，Yin-Yang（阴阳）to Heaven-Earth（Qiankun乾坤): A Yin–Yang (阴阳) Philosophical Exploration of Existence and Cosmic Origins

I. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 The philosophical concept of the origin of the universe:

The new philosophical mode of thought refers to the human thinking pattern before Aristotle, based on Taoist philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and ancient Greek philosophy, combined with modern physics information. It posits that the 'original existence' of matter comes from the information of 'non-being' and 'emptiness', both matter and existence possess a sense of 'spirituality', this 'spirituality of the mind' leads to the movement and change of all things in the universe, and returns to the original state of 'emptiness' and 'non-being'. Modern physics and science have revealed the basic principles of the ontological philosophy of the universe. (Samo Liu, 2025f) To be precise, the philosophy of the cosmic origin gave birth to the material philosophy. The science influenced by the material philosophy conversely validates the philosophy of cosmic origins. The two are integrated.

Humans are material beings living in a material world. Contemplating a universe devoid of matter, space without matter, or a world without matter is a profoundly challenging question (Russell, 2017; Samo Liu, 2020a; 2020b; Liu Hongjun&Samo Liu, 2020)

Based on existing human knowledge and information: employing Daoist and Buddhist cosmic origin philosophy, ancient Greek primal existential thought, dialectical materialist logic analysis, and integrating contemporary physics knowledge, space is fundamentally empty—a universe initially devoid of anything. First, this state (態) is Yin-Yang's living, zero dimension intangible existence (Infinity 无极). Expressed through time, it is an infinite process with a minimum value of zero (absolute zero). Expressed spatially, it is boundlessly expansive outwardly and infinitesimally inward, infinite, with a minimum of zero. An intangible space and zero-dimensional universe created a finite, living, three-dimensional universe (Taiji), whose boundaries remain beyond human comprehension(Samo Liu, 2021a; 2021b; 2021c).

This intangible space and zero-dimensional universe are termed Infinity, existing as Yin-Yang, material existence, and non-material existence—informational and energetic "causes" and "formal existence" (Laozi, 2019; Shakyamuni, 2019). Without matter, it exists purely in a Yin-Yang binary relationship (Samo Liu, 2024a).

Under certain causal conditions, information gives rise to energy—living Yin-Yang energy within the realm of quantum mechanics. Subsequently, energy, under strong and weak interactions, produces atoms (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2020; 2021b).

Thus emerged the material Yin-Yang Taiji: matter and non-matter, energy and matter, forming a ternary relationship of matter, information, and energy. Nonetheless, its fundamental binary relationship remains information and energy, as matter itself is a form of energy (Samo Liu, 2024i).

Atoms, as living Yin-Yang existence, gave rise to molecules. Molecules, also living Yin-Yang entities, created plant cells, animal cells, and human cells—all Yin-Yang living beings—subsequently producing humanity (Samo Liu, 2025d). Humans, capable of thought, sensation, and perception, invented languages, scripts, numbers, mathematics, science, and coordinate systems, forming knowledge and information systems (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2021a). Yet human existence involves birth and death, a lifespan from zero to a certain temporal unit symbolizing both individual existence and the existence of the entire universe and all things therein measured by time process.

Consequently, Yin-Yang relationships among heaven, earth, and humans, as well as humans and space, universe, and Heaven-Earth emerged.

Humans, through languages, scripts, numbers, mathematics, and scientific systems, further created philosophy, religion, and science. Without quantum mechanics and relativity, we cannot conceive a universe or world arising from nothingness; without dialectical materialism, we cannot grasp the unity of opposites and the dialectical transition from quantitative to qualitative changes. Nevertheless, contemporary physics confirms that humanity indeed exists within such a space, universe, and world (Samo Liu, 2017; 2019). The cosmic origin philosophies handed down by ancestors have consistently indicated this reality, though humans have doubted and debated it until modern scientific confirmation (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2020).

In times of insufficient information, Aristotle developed material philosophy and material science (Garrett Thomson& Marshall Missner, 2019). Humans have pursued these for over two thousand years, culminating in the apex of material philosophy and science, rediscovering and validating ancestral cosmic origin philosophy (Samo Liu, 2024a; 2024b; 2024c).

Guided by modern physics, humanity completed this grand project in material philosophy and science at considerable cost. Modern physics and ancestral cosmic origin philosophy align perfectly, leading humanity toward the cosmic origin of energy philosophy and information philosophy (Samo Liu, 2024d; 2024e; 2024f).

When modern scientific information revealed that dark matter and dark energy occupy $95.1\mathrm{\%}$ of the universe's finite space, leaving matter only $4.9\mathrm{\%}$ (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2021c), Daoist, Buddhist, and ancient Greek philosophies had already provided answers (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2021d; 2024).

Humans became ensnared in the trap of material philosophy and science (Samo Liu, 2024g; 2024h; 2024i), perpetually questioning and bearing this answer, using material philosophy to create modern physics and its inherent contradictions (Samo Liu, 2025a; 2025b; 2025c).

Without quantum mechanics and relativity providing scientific answers, humanity might have continued doubting and debating indefinitely. Modern scientific knowledge and information have allowed humans to confirm and verify principles of cosmic origins. Thus, humanity can reconsider fundamental philosophical questions about space and time (Samo Liu, 2025e; 2024i), inherit and develop ancestral philosophical insights, and establish new philosophical paradigms (Samo Liu, 2025f). The significant invention of computers and robots encourages humans to reexamine humanity's origin (Samo Liu, 2025d).

Express gratitude to space, the universe, the beautiful world, and of course, humanity itself. Please discuss this viewpoint in the academic community.

II. HUMANITY AND HUMAN-CREATED EXISTENCE

Interestingly, humans can discover and create knowledge and information using language, words, and numbers. This is undoubtedly a remarkable collaborative achievement between the universe and humanity (Samo Liu, 2025d).

Humans continue to develop information through mathematics, measure and verify directional information using coordinate systems, and validate the repeatability, probability, and reality of this information scientifically. There should be no doubt about this. The existence and metaphysics created through human philosophy are knowledge and information discovered and constructed by humans—essentially artificial existences (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2021a).

The universe could be considered a Yin-Yang dualistic existence, embodying contradiction. Precisely because of this contradictory dualism, space can be judged as a living Yin-Yang "Wuji" and the universe as a living Yin-Yang "Taiji"(Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2020). Both Wuji and Taiji are contradictory unities, processes that transition from quantitative to qualitative changes.

All universal existences created within space are living entities, integrated manifestations of Yin-Yang information and energy. Consequently, everything created by space and the universe, including humans, is a living existence. Each has its own natural structural form, expressible through temporal zero-base coordinate processes and spatial zero-base coordinate forms devised by humans (Samo Liu, 2024g; 2024h; 2024i).

These existences, named by humans through language, words, and numbers, possess self-perception and mutual awareness, becoming integrated through causes and conditions. Such natural perceptions have no subjective consciousness (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2021b). They identify and naturally resolve contradictions effortlessly ("doing by non-doing"), and accomplish motion, change, and cycles through thermodynamic creation and equilibrium (Samo Liu, 2024e; 2024i).

Force is the soul of all existential perception (Samo Liu, 2024g; 2024h); heat is the mind 心灵 of all existential perception (Samo Liu, 2024i).

However, humans possess thought and subjective consciousness, enabling creativity. Humans engage in both material and energetic creations, as well as informational creations—a synthesis of perception and sensation. When such creativity loses philosophical coherence, consistency, and standardization, it results in a series of contradictory information (Samo Liu, 2025a; 2025b; 2025c). When science becomes humanity's confrontational tool, the double-edged sword of science emerges.

Humans can create happiness, problems, and contradictions. The crucial question is whether humans can resolve contradictions. For instance, modern physics is characterized by human-created contradictions. Humans have even generated existential contradictions that threaten their own destruction (Samo Liu, 2024f).

Humans have learned to scientifically verify the probability and reality of all existence and confirm the directionality and positionality of scientific existence via coordinate systems. Yet, the accuracy remains unknown (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2020).

Philosophy has long informed humanity that, due to ignorance or misunderstanding of cosmic origin, Socrates and Aristotle brought philosophical thinking from the heavens back to the earthly realm (Aristotle, 2019; 2016). They clearly indicated that all human research and exploration concern on human society and the material world. The concepts of space, time, and the existence within them were long ago relegated to the realm of theology. Scientific development thus occurred within this historical context. Hence, philosophical reflection in science has been Zero-Dimensional Universe - The Absolute Space Test limited to human society and the material world. When unaware of universal existence and origins, humans regarded the universe and world as purely material, forming the logical foundation of all scientific philosophy (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2021a).

When scientific research reached modern physics, represented by quantum mechanics and relativity, Aristotle's material philosophy and material science left behind philosophical traps, a point overlooked by the scientific community (Aristotle, 2016; Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2021b).

As quantum mechanics and relativity peaked within material sciences, they opened doors to cosmic origins of energy and information. Yet, space and time concepts continued to be individually designed using material philosophical and scientific frameworks. Arbitrary definitions of these unknown foundational concepts inevitably led to logical contradictions within scientific philosophy, producing the contradictory situation of modern physics (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2021c).

The rapid advancement of Western science allowed Western philosophy—material philosophy—to dominate philosophical discourse, profoundly influencing human thought. However, very few philosophers actively participated in scientific research, reflection, or practice. Newton, Leibniz, and Descartes contributed significantly, but most professional philosophers remained entrenched in their respective philosophical domains (Samo Liu, 2025a).

Thus, when science and modern physics reached their zenith, the philosophical community remained silent, offering neither opposition nor skepticism. This allowed modern physics' contradictions to persist for over a century.

Scientists are deeply influenced by theology and material philosophy. They have forgotten Aristotle's research on the 'cosmic origin' and 'substance', as well as 'infinity'. They have also neglected that physics is 'theology'.(Aristotle, 2019; 2016; Samo Liu, 2025b)

Humanity once again stands at a juncture requiring comprehensive reflection upon its ideologies, knowledge and information, subjective consciousness, and artificially created existences.

III. KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION

Humans create knowledge and information, an ability and talent endowed by the universe, as well as a result of human endeavor. Yet, humanity must recognize clearly that the knowledge and information it creates are always developed during specific stages of human survival and existence. They inherently possess elements of known, unknown, exploratory, and imperfect nature, never constituting "absolute truths".

The universe created an intelligent form of matter called humanity. Humans, in turn, created intelligent machines—computers and robots.

Robots operate through software programs that humans create using their minds and intellect, subsequently powered by electrical energy (Samo Liu, 2020b).

The "mind" of humanity is software created by the universe. Initially, information inputs into this "software" originate from universal creation. Subsequently, this software self-operates via structured, standardized tools of language, text, and numerical information. Such informational tools enable self-reception, self-creation, and self-transmission of information. In this process, humans continually design their mental software programs, thereby creating, accepting, transforming, and perfecting knowledge and information. Human life's working energy is thermal energy, the foundational force of the universe (Samo Liu, 2024e; 2024f).

Without the informational tools of language, words, and numbers, and without the capacity for such creativity, human existence would be indistinguishable from that of other animals.

Language, words, and numbers represent humanity's indispensable hallmark as intelligent matter in the universe. These tools manifest the universe's information in visibility, standardized, and materialized forms.

The human form is intelligent matter, crafted by the universe using human cells. This humanoid form itself is profoundly significant. Whether describing personalized gods or demons and mythical creatures, humanity predominantly employs this human-like form, though other forms occasionally emerge.

Why do humans use anthropomorphic shapes and language-based numerical forms to portray personalized deities and anthropomorphic demons? This question is worthy of contemplation. Such depictions form specialized knowledge and information born from human hearts and minds, intertwined with artistic reflection and faith, and recognized as sacred knowledge and information—beyond the scope of current discussion.

For precise investigation of existence, humans have crafted mathematics through language, words, and numbers. Mathematics has become a scientific tool, evolving into a rigorous, systematic, and standardized discipline of knowledge and information. Independently, mathematics serves as a powerful assistant in human scientific research.

To explore the authenticity or real probability of existence, humans created science, scientific experiments, and scientific methods using language, words, and numbers. By repeatedly examining existential realities, science validates or disproves humanity's understanding of existence. Nevertheless, scientific correctness fundamentally relies on philosophical frameworks. The absence of unified philosophical consensus inevitably leads to confusion in scientific philosophy (Samo Liu, 2024g; 2024h; 2024i).

Contemporary human scientific knowledge and information are profoundly influenced by Aristotle's material philosophy, restricting understanding primarily to human society and material existence. Aristotle's great innovation was to set aside contradictions and focus on contemplating human society and material existence. This monumental innovation significantly impacted material science and societal development, profoundly transforming human society (Samo Liu, 2025a; 2025b).

Aristotle shelved the philosophical contradictions, avoided reflection on space and the existence of space, and no longer considered the origin of time and space. He directed human energy fully towards understanding societal and material existence, emphasizing tangible, material, and social realities. Exploration of concepts such as "emptiness" and "nothingness" was thus deferred (Samo Liu, 2025c).

Upon resolving philosophical contradictions and achieving unified understanding, humanity saw material philosophical thought and material sciences accelerate and diversify rapidly, as evidenced by over two thousand years of history (Samo Liu, 2024d).

Unexpectedly, philosophical thought and material sciences eventually entered the informational and energetic realms of quantum mechanics and relativity. Science validated Aristotle's conceptions of cosmic origins and substance, reopening doors to fundamental cosmic inquiries. Newly created knowledge and information uncovered cosmic origin principles, compelling humanity to reinvent philosophical thought and explore fresh knowledge and information.

IV. KNOWN KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION

Based on humanity's existing knowledge and information, it is inferred that the universe represents living Yin-Yang, creating naturally through non-action (wu wei). Within space exists an objective Yin-Yang state of "nothingness" and "emptiness" (Yin-Yang Wuji), which gave rise to the universe (Yin-Yang Taiji), also known as "Qian Kun" (Heaven and Earth), representing Yin-Yang existence.

It is deduced from existing knowledge and information that space (Yin-Yang Wuji) created the universe (Yin-Yang Taiji), which then produced atoms, molecules, plants, animals, and humans. Humans subsequently developed knowledge and information through language, words, and numbers, leading to the creation of mathematics, coordinate systems, philosophy, religion, and science(Samo Liu, 2020; 2020a; 2020b).

Existing knowledge and information also suggest that from the moment of their inception, humans possessed philosophical contemplation abilities. Driven by survival and existence, humans persistently contemplated the universe, employing dual capacities of perception and sensation to explore their cosmic environment and relationships among existences (Samo Liu, 2025d). Such insights were documented and passed down following the creation of language, words, and numbers.

Modern physics and scientific knowledge indicate that ancestors' perception-based understanding of the universe was clear, yet expressed vaguely through language, words, and numbers. Human language and numerical systems describe material existence precisely, yet remain ambiguous in expressing concepts of "emptiness and nothingness", leading to philosophical contradictions.

To resolve these philosophical contradictions, Socrates proposed respectfully setting aside metaphysical issues concerning unknown space and existential matters, concentrating efforts on exploring human society and material existence. Aristotle implemented this idea (Aristotle, 2019; Samo Liu, 2025a).

Philosophical inquiries into cosmic origins were entrusted to religion for contemplation and preservation, while humans progressed along material philosophical and scientific paths. Eventually reaching modern physics, quantum mechanics, and relativity, science revealed that matter and non-material energy are mutually convertible under mechanical informational conditions, and are fundamentally equivalent. Quantum mechanics scientifically confirmed that matter emerges from non-material energy through mechanical interactions, subsequently balancing under mechanical conditions, reverting back into energy and information (Samo Liu, 2025b).

Logically, energy and matter represent a factor (Yang), mechanics an impetus (Yin), and the speed of light an extreme informational existence. Thus, matter, energy, and information form a triadic Yin-Yang dualistic relationship.

Under material philosophy's guidance, material science reached its pinnacle, transitioning into energy philosophy, energy science, information philosophy, and information science. Humanity thus discovered glimpses of the great universal origin—the natural divinity of the cosmos (Samo Liu, 2025c).

V. UNKNOWN KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION

5.1 Unknown Knowledge and Information about Material Existence

Under the guidance of material philosophy, humanity has achieved significant advancements in the field of material sciences. However, we still face numerous unknowns regarding material science. It can be said that the exploration of material science and philosophical reflections on matter remain extensive and filled with many unknown knowledge areas.

Humans, as material beings, confront material space, the material universe, and the material-based human society and world. For scientific purposes, it remains practical to treat space as three-dimensional, making material philosophy and science continually relevant.

According to existing knowledge, our scientific and philosophical reasoning categorizes matter, energy, and information, and even space and time, as material entities. This forms the basis of our current scientific understanding but simultaneously generates considerable unknowns and contradictions.

Modern scientific and technological knowledge is highly specialized and compartmentalized; experts in one field might be novices in another. Consequently, the pursuit and exploration of knowledge and information appear endless, requiring humans to embrace lifelong learning (Samo Liu, 2025a; 2025b). Quantum mechanics, relativity, modern physics, modern science, and three industrial revolutions have brought humanity into the realms of energy and information, both now critical to human survival and existence.

We know that the form of matter can be represented mathematically in three dimensions. This scientific method, employing coordinate systems and mathematics, is an extraordinary human achievement, despite matter existing in a multidirectional ("six-sided") external form (Samo Liu, 2021a; 2021b; 2021c).

This scenario gave rise to contradictions within modern physics, persisting for over a century. Analyzed from a conceptual and foundational logical perspective, this problem cannot be resolved by physics or mathematics alone. Aristotle's material philosophy has led us into a labyrinthine trap (Aristotle, 2019; Samo Liu, 2025e).

Philosophical reasoning in science developed after Aristotle's reflections on space, the existence within it, and the relationship between space and time were set aside for theology. humanity lacks unified, standardized philosophical thinking about time and space.

The contradictions in modern physics concern genuine space and time, compelling us to reconsider these concepts. Ancestors contemplated these issues within cosmic-origin philosophy 2,500 years ago but were abandoned as contradictory by later generations. Precisely speaking, humans at that time lacked rational, scientific knowledge about space and existence, relying instead on perception—something most people neither comprehended nor trusted.

Quantum mechanics and relativity have validated our ancestors' intuitive knowledge, allowing cosmic-origin philosophy to serve as a philosophical framework for modern physics (Samo Liu, 2024g; 2024h; 2024i).

Perhaps adopting cosmic-origin philosophy to study energy and information can more effectively enhance our understanding of the material universe and material world, enriching our grasp of material knowledge and information.

Since the industrial revolution—especially following the third, information-based industrial revolution—the rise of computers and robotics has exponentially accelerated human-generated information. As modern physics and science reopened the door to cosmic-origin studies, humanity now confronts non-material philosophical inquiries into cosmic origins. Undoubtedly, the information humanity must now handle is infinite and immense, and its impacts are unpredictable.

cosmic-origin philosophy tells us that the universe's existence and information are infinite. At its core, cosmic-origin philosophy challenges humans to grasp, process, and understand information and knowledge, using these tools to solve existential contradictions in survival and existence.

5.2 Unknown Knowledge and Information about Non-material Existence

Physics introduced the concept of antimatter, yet it remains uncertain whether antimatter was genuinely discovered or if the concept merely represents certain experimental outcomes (Samo Liu, 2024h; 2024i). This result is like a philosophical contemplation of gravitational lenses. (Samo Liu, 2025e)

Analyzed logically from cosmic-origin philosophy, antimatter fundamentally does not exist; conceptually, it conflicts with thermodynamics. Matter exists realistically, involving motion and transformation, wherein physics identifies mechanics, energy, and information. What then is antimatter's nature?

Whether approached through material philosophy or cosmic-origin logic, the universe consists solely of matter, energy, and information—thus encompassing only material and non-material existences engaged in mutual transformation, movement, and balanced entropy tendencies (Samo Liu, 2024e).

Matter arises from non-material origins and returns thereto under informational conditions dictated by mechanics and time. In cosmic-origin philosophy, the author defines the concept of non-material existence explicitly (Samo Liu, 2024h).

Non-material existence is a cosmic-origin concept, foundational to matter and humanity. Taoism calls it Tao, Nothingness (Wu), Yin-Yang, and Qi; Buddhism calls it Emptiness, Causes, and Conditionsof causes and factors;Ancient Greek philosophy calls it original existence(Laozi, 2019; Sakyamuni, 2020; Russell, 2017).

Influenced by information, matter emerges from non-material existence and returns to it under informational conditions. Energy is a form of non-material existence; information itself is an independent, non-material form. Currently, humanity lacks an accurate conceptual definition of information. Information is neither energy nor matter; temporarily, it can be defined as a non-material, zero-dimensional concept of "causation" (Yin) (Samo Liu, 2025c). These represent philosophical considerations within cosmic-origin thought, awaiting scientific philosophical verification.

Modern physics, through energy and information, has inspired philosophical considerations of Yin and Yang within cosmic origins, termed basic energy and intelligent energy(Samo Liu, 2017; 2019; Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2020). Intelligent energy embodies information, space, and heavenly attributes, categorized as Yin and causative, termed "Qian." Basic energy signifies matter and energy, categorized as Yang and conditional, termed "Kun." Collectively, the universe encompasses material and non-material existence, known as "Qian Kun."

These categorizations represent human linguistic, textual, and numeric conventions, interchangeable in labeling "Qian" as Yang and "Kun" as Yin, although conventionally "Qian Kun" refers to Yang and Yin.

Yet, Yin-Yang dynamics within "Qian Kun" remain mutable. In cosmic-origin philosophy, information is Yin, energy is Yang. During energy-matter transformations, energy becomes Yin and matter becomes Yang. In their interactive dynamics, matter serves as Yang and information as Yin. Such Yin-Yang relationships demonstrate the universe's vitality, as all universal creations from "nothingness" are living Yin-Yang integrations.

Regarding interactions among material existences, heavier (high-energy) matter is Yin; lighter (low-energy) matter is Yang. Yang always revolves around Yin, exemplified by the Moon orbiting Earth,

Earth orbiting the Sun, and galaxies orbiting black holes, extending upward to superclusters, paralleling electrons orbiting atomic nuclei at microscopic scales.

Humanity belongs to the material category and thus "Kun." Within humanity, females represent Yin (Kun) while males represent Yang, naturally orienting males around females, driven by biological reproduction—a natural, universal design.

The unknown knowledge of non-material existence remains a pursuit for humanity. Approximately 2,500 years ago, humans possessed perceptual, intuitive knowledge lacking scientific confirmation.

Today, having reached the zenith of material philosophy and sciences, humanity has constructed concepts of energy and information, applying them industrially. quantum mechanics and relativity's internal contradictions compel humanity to reconsider non-material existence and revisit fundamental spatial and temporal concepts.

Clearly, knowledge of energy and information falls within non-material categories, representing cosmic origins—the source of material cause, efficient cause, formal cause, and final cause. These align with Buddhism's Emptiness, Taoism's Nothingness, and Greek philosophy's foundational existence(Samo Liu, 2024i).

Quantum mechanics reveals matter arises through energy-information entanglements, characterized by wave-particle duality and uncertainty. Relativity equates matter and energy under light-speed conditions. Classical physics underscores matter's perpetual change, decay, and work. Thus, ancestral cosmic-origin philosophies now appear scientifically resolved (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2020; 2021a; 2021b).

Logically, Aristotle's historical suspension of cosmic-origin explorations allowed material philosophy and sciences to flourish. Yet, as humanity reaches scientific pinnacles, cosmic-origin concepts return naturally, resolving the contradictions embedded in modern physics, particularly between quantum mechanics and relativity.

Ultimately, humanity realizes that incomplete scientific knowledge reveals philosophy's profound necessity. Lacking adequate knowledge, philosophy risks profound errors. Humanity now faces existential concerns from dual-edged scientific developments—rooted fundamentally not in science itself, but in human hearts and minds, and our insufficient contemplation of cosmic origins.

Humanity's future thus hinges upon comprehensively grasping cosmic-origin philosophy, embracing peace by recognizing our unity with the cosmos, and resolving contradictions—fulfilling the profound universal intent behind humanity's creation (Samo Liu, 2025d; 2025e).

Usually, non-material knowledge and information are divided into two categories: theology and scientific philosophical metaphysics.

If material philosophy and science have significantly clarified our understanding of the material world and human society, then scientific knowledge about energy and information—already studied and applied for over 500 years—has now become our new metaphysical frontier.

Studying energy and information begins with understanding their forms and processes of existence, thus reigniting human reflection and research on space, time, and the existence within space, similar to how we approached material sciences (Samo Liu, 2025c).

"Zero (o)" is a miraculous human-created number, though it emerged last among our numerical concepts. (Jeremy Webb, 2018) It is the core of the coordinate system, the origin of all existence forms and processes. We must fully appreciate this significant number, for it is the origin point of dialectical materialism (Samo Liu, 2025h; 2025b).

Modern physics and contemporary science have inspired humans to reconsider the cosmic origins of information and energy through the Yin-Yang dualism of Qiankun, prompting us to rethink the universe's non-material nature, marking a new beginning of exploring non-material knowledge. Such explorations, sparked by modern scientific insight, must undergo rigorous verification by science and scientific philosophy.

5.3 Inspirations from Unknown Knowledge and Information

Based on existing material philosophy, material sciences, and cosmic-origin philosophical logic, humans are composed of matter, which itself originates from non-material existence through motion and change. Both matter and non-matter exist, move, and transform within space, known collectively as the universal "Qiankun," with space serving as the stage for existence (Samo Liu, 2021c).

The original or foundational existence in space is a Yin-Yang, limitless (Wuji) entity, described as "light" in theology and physics alike. This "light" possesses Yin-Yang duality and is considered alive, though its precise form and existence process remain unknown. It defies any description by current material-scientific concepts—though the concepts of positrons and electrons in quantum mechanics may offer a starting point.

However, once existence manifests in forms expressible through human language, text, or numbers, its speed must fall below the speed of light. Conversely, any existence reaching the speed of light merges into infinite space (Samo Liu, 2025b).

Upon realizing existence as "infinite," we can comprehend why planets, galaxies, molecules, and atoms are so numerous, and why particles and quarks are so minuscule. Humans invented mathematics, enabling clear numerical descriptions regardless of quantity or size. Yet, "infinity" itself can be expressed by only one number: zero (o) (Samo Liu, 2025a; 2025b).

All existence originates, exists, moves, and transforms around the zero-coordinate point—this embodies dialectical materialism's principle of quantitative to qualitative change.

Currently, physics encapsulates cosmic creation in the "Big Bang" theory, aligning with material philosophy, cosmic-origin philosophy, and thermodynamics. When the Yin-Yang limitless existence (Wuji), called "light" by theology and physics, slows below the speed of light or splits due to certain causative conditions, heat emerges as a creative force. Thus begins the cyclical journey of material creation in the universe, generating "entropy," which might represent the observable material universe or its local portion.

Over time, with the cooling of extreme cosmic temperatures, existence initiates mutual transformations between energy and matter under mechanical and temporal conditions, striving toward equilibrium and cyclicality—though the precise cosmic-origin principles remain unclear.

Using material philosophy and scientific methodologies, humanity developed physics and chemistry, achieving modern science, nuclear weaponry, robotics, and cellular DNA research. Weapons' destructiveness escalates, robot chips shrink further, and DNA research grows ever more intricate. Humans continue discovering vast unknown knowledge about material reality and society, necessitating ongoing exploration and lifelong learning.

Nevertheless, the human psyche paradoxically resists the idea of enemies yet perceives enemies' existence, resulting psychologically in the impulse for total elimination. At material science's peak, humanity mastered universe-level energy and information—such as nuclear weapons—capable of self-annihilation. Atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and other catastrophic weaponry have been developed; their deployment undoubtedly threatens human survival.

Ironically, humanity has created methods and factors for its self-destruction—originating within our minds.

The paradox of humanity destroying itself seems absurd yet represents a severe existential threat that humanity must confront realistically.

Physics and modern science have reopened humanity's exploration of cosmic origins. Analyzed through cosmic-origin principles, humanity's limited understanding of universal and human origins underlies our current predicament.

From cosmic-origin analysis, humans individually and collectively generate both divine and demonic natures within themselves. Insufficient universal truth knowledge makes existential contradictions irresolvable. Without realizing that humanity was created precisely to resolve such contradictions, we might never transcend psychological barriers (Samo Liu, 2025e).

The premise of all existence is humanity's survival and existence.

Facing numerous unresolved questions and contradictions about the material universe's Qiankun, we have simultaneously reopened the door to cosmic-origin exploration, confronting vastly greater non-material universal existences. Infinite unknown knowledge awaits human exploration and resolution. Given material philosophy and science have brought humanity to this critical survival juncture, what steps should humanity now take?

VI. EXPLORING KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION: PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS

Many philosophers have emerged throughout human history, yet no unified definition of philosophy exists due to its inherent diversity. Indeed, everyone thinks, making everyone, in essence, a philosopher (Samo Liu, 2025a). Aristotle believed that philosophy is the leader of all disciplines. (Aristotle, 2016).

Philosophy is often mistakenly considered impractical or esoteric. However, fundamentally, philosophy represents human thinking and underpins humanity's achievement of knowledge and information. Philosophical reflection permeates human survival, existence, daily life, and work.

Aristotle's classification of philosophy into First Philosophy and Second Philosophy, and the West's labeling of engineering doctorates as PhDs ("Doctor of Philosophy"), both reflect philosophy's foundational significance.

Humans possess innate self-awareness and an instinct for hunger before they acquire language, writing, and numbers after birth. After learning these communication tools, mature humans develop sexual instincts, planning their lives, careers, learning, and daily routines through language, words, and numbers. Life's ultimate goals and everyday objectives are similarly planned and articulated, necessitating daily logical and dialectical problem-solving until death.

Human thought arises from the Yin-Yang interplay of mind and brain, involving perception and sensation. Thinking and dialectical logic are natural, existential functions inherent to living beings.

This natural cognitive capacity grants humans the unique ability to create and transmit information. Thus, language, words, and numbers emerged, empowering humanity as creators and controllers of information, uniquely intelligent beings.

The Chinese character "哲" (zhe) denotes wisdom and information. Therefore, "philosophy" (Zhexue) literally translates as the study of wisdom—the pursuit of knowledge and information. Wisdom embodies philosophical contemplation, enabling humanity's ascendancy as master of all things and ruler of the universe.

Human ancestors employed wisdom and information to ponder cosmic origins, while Aristotle initiated material philosophical thought and scientific exploration. This continuous philosophical reflection and scientific inquiry have shaped humanity's present-day achievements.

6.1 The Relationship Between Science and Philosophy

When knowledge and information from science and philosophy fail to unify, Aristotle transformed the ancestral philosophy of cosmic origins into material philosophy and material science, delegating temporarily unknown knowledge and information to theology. This allowed material philosophy and science to flourish dramatically.

Material philosophy has always guided material scientific development. Imagine the progress of scientific thought and technological advancements over the last 500 years—every breakthrough first required a philosophical framework from material philosophy, then verification through coordinate systems and mathematics, followed by experimental validation, and finally realization through industrial revolutions and technological means. The author had the privilege of being one of them.

Philosophers such as Descartes, Newton, and Leibniz created mathematical verification methods—including coordinate systems and calculus—inspired by material philosophy. Bacon and Descartes developed logical verification methods for scientific experiments. Kant formulated philosophical methods for analyzing contradictions. Schelling introduced the concept of natural divinity, and Hegel developed dialectics philosophical logic based on concepts and foundational ideas (Samo Liu, 2024i).

These philosophical logics became the foundations for classical and modern physics' remarkable growth. One cannot deny the guiding role of dialectical philosophical logic throughout the three industrial revolutions. Scientists should deeply contemplate whether today's scientific achievements would even exist without philosophy's dialectical logic. From a natural and dialectical standpoint, we must reconsider the relationship between science and philosophy. Thus, when certain scientists boldly proclaim that "philosophy is dead," we must ask: could science itself survive without philosophy?

Using this logic, philosophy and science constitute a Yin-Yang relationship—twin siblings. Philosophy is the soul of science, while science is philosophy's existence (Liu Hongjun & Samo Liu, 2020; 2021a).

Material philosophy and material science mutually support each other, guiding modern science to the pinnacle of material understanding, giving rise to quantum mechanics and relativity. Breakthroughs in material science have spurred discoveries in information and energy sciences, introducing numerous philosophical contradictions within modern physics.

These contradictions have caused anxiety and deep reflection among philosophically-minded physicists. The issue lies not within science itself but within the philosophical foundation of science—the soul of science—which has overlooked ancestral wisdom regarding cosmic origins. (Samo Liu, 2024d)

Insufficient scientific and philosophical knowledge has created these contradictions, manifesting dilemmas about human survival and existence, and producing science's "double-edged sword." To resolve the many contradictions emerging in modern science, we must use modern scientific knowledge and information to re-expand philosophical reflections on cosmic origins.

Such philosophical reflection must employ scientific philosophical methodologies and cosmic-origin philosophy to explore and expand human knowledge and information. Although humans inherently possess artistic sensibilities, scientific philosophy must remain rigorous, allowing no artistic embellishment.

New myths such as human time reversal and high-dimensional spaces, arising from modern scientific theories, must be seriously addressed by science, not casually dismissed.

6.2 Science and Theology

When philosophical knowledge fails scientific verification or when certain natural phenomena elude human understanding, metaphysics inevitably emerges as humanity's eternal exploration.

Facing an infinite material universe, an immeasurably vast yet ultimately finite existence—what we might call "infinite"—humans forever remain ignorant children, destined to perpetual exploration and learning. Fortunately, we now know that within the material universe, purely material existence constitutes merely 4.9% of all matter-space.

When metaphysics transforms into faith, theology emerges—a profound discipline arising naturally from the human heart. It represents a noble inquiry, untarnishable by human language. Humanity uses artistic contemplation to transform explorations of unknown knowledge and information into spiritual aesthetics, thereby honoring the cosmic divinity that created humanity.

The author, employing cosmic-origin philosophy, characterizes physics itself as theology. If scientific philosophy accepts this perspective, science and theology could align philosophically, collectively termed natural theology of the cosmos.

Current theological concepts, shaped by subjective human consciousness, do not reflect this philosophical category. Criticism and disdain from certain scientists and philosophers towards human-conceived notions of God raise significant questions. What does this imply?

It implies that religious communities should independently reflect upon their traditions historically, philosophically, and scientifically. Such introspection should remain free from externally imposed constraints or frameworks by scientific or philosophical authorities, who themselves lack the legitimacy to prescribe conditions.

Facing various contradictions within modern physics and science, the scientific and philosophical communities lack a unified, standardized scientific-philosophical framework. Until these internal contradictions are resolved, they hold no right to criticize humanity's profound beliefs.

6.3 The Relationship Between cosmic-origin Philosophy and Physics

Material philosophy propelled developments in material science, leading directly to achievements in classical and modern physics. Conversely, accomplishments in modern physics resolved philosophical dilemmas related to cosmic origins, reopening the gates to cosmic-origin exploration (Samo Liu, 2017; 2019; Liu Hongjun, 2020).

If the scientific community's philosophical approach accepts the scientific validity of cosmic-origin philosophy, many concepts in classical and modern physics—as well as their relationships to foundational ideas—will undergo significant revisions.

For example:

Space represents humanity's eternal unknown and sacred exploration. While humans may name space for scientific inquiry, arbitrary definitions of space must be avoided.

language, words, and numbers created by humans inherently depend on spatial concepts. The external forms of all existence express spatial form-causation. The material world may be defined as three-dimensional space, while the non-material realm may be termed non-three-dimensional space or zero-dimensional space space. Although naming conventions for spatial form-causation may vary, definitions must remain precise. Different forms of existence can be expressed using various spatial coordinate systems, always with zero as their reference origin (Samo Liu, 2025h).

Time is a sacred concept eternally pursued by humanity. While humanity can assign natural phenomena as temporal units for scientific inquiry, distortions of the concept of time are unacceptable.

Time fundamentally represents existence's self-awareness of its own existential process—a perception of thermodynamics and all mechanical processes. This irreversible thermodynamic process forms existence itself.

Human-assigned temporal units, based on natural phenomena, provide the scientific foundation for exploring existence, serving as humanity's method of measuring its own existence. Time is thus an unalterable, irreversible foundational physical unit defined by humans.

Different existences utilize varying temporal coordinate systems: celestial processes can be used "kalpa", quantum mechanics use Planck time, and daily life employs familiar units like years, days, hours, and seconds—all anchored at zero as a starting point. (Samo Liu, 2025e;2025f)

Existence remains humanity's eternal object of inquiry and the source of human knowledge and information. Broadly, existence divides into two categories: causative conditions ("Yin") and factors ("Yang"). The "factors" category includes matter and energy, whereas "causative conditions" encompass mechanics and time.

Through philosophical and scientific exploration, humanity has dramatically advanced understanding of matter. Physics has notably progressed in understanding energy and made strides in comprehending information. Investigating energy and information, humanity has created nuclear weapons, invented robotics, and discovered cellular informational structures.

These developments have produced miracles alongside significant contradictions, simultaneously unlocking philosophical reflections on cosmic origins. Thus, physics has inspired reconsiderations of cosmic origins (Samo Liu, 2024g), and scientific philosophy has illuminated physical principles underlying natural philosophy (Samo Liu, 2024i).

By integrating material philosophy and cosmic-origin philosophy, the key novel viewpoints for physical thinking are as follows:

2024g-2025f), the author argues that there is no inherent theoretical contradiction between quantum mechanics and relativity; rather, the contradictions arise from philosophical misunderstandings. A synthesis of cosmic-origin philosophy and material philosophy can unify and resolve these contradictions, eliminating doubt about quantum mechanics' profound scientific validity.

Quantum mechanics and relativity collectively establish a scientifically philosophical natural theology (Samo Liu, 2024g).

(2) After careful examination of Einstein's great works, no evidence supports claims regarding Einstein's belief in time reversal. Instead, Einstein scientifically expressed skepticism toward humanity's assumed definitions of three-dimensional space.

Einstein remains a deeply respected, great scientist. Einstein himself was not the only one who proposed the concept of light speed. he confirmed the profound truth that the speed of light represents the dynamic limit of universal reality. This discovery led him to question material philosophy's assumptions about spatial and temporal materiality. Einstein's curved spacetime theory reflects skepticism toward the material philosophy conception of space and time. His doubts about quantum mechanics represent philosophical skepticism toward space and time concepts embedded in material philosophy.

Thus, the concept of "time reversal" is not Einstein's invention, but rather a mathematical or artistically philosophical distortion by followers lacking comprehensive scientific-philosophical guidance. The previously mentioned nine articles discussing contradictions between quantum mechanics and relativity do not criticize Einstein but praise the philosophical inspiration derived from his work.

Material philosophy's restrictive influence on scientific philosophy has become severe, necessitating new exploration within cosmic-origin philosophy.

(3) Force embodies universal divinity, the essential attribute through which matter and energy perceive existence, and facilitates mutual perceptions among existences (Samo Liu, 2024i). I will prove this point in the articles I will publish later.

(4) Motion arises from matter's inherent perception. The concept of motion emerges as an attribute only after the formation of atomic matter. Likewise, velocity, as an attribute, exclusively pertains to matter, since matter's existence is expressible via spatial coordinates. Motion can be accurately described using three-dimensional coordinate systems (Samo Liu, 2024i).

Guided by material science and philosophical frameworks, physics has established numerous material scientific parameters. Velocity is among these critical parameters.

Humans philosophically define units of time and construct three-dimensional spatial coordinate systems to specify relative positions and distances between objects. Consequently, the change in an object's position, thus determined, defines velocity.

Velocity, philosophically defined, enables scientific investigation into natural states of material existence. Any claims of curved or reversed time would fundamentally disrupt this parameter's validity, severely complicating scientific study of material states and causing conceptual chaos in physics.

Specific gravity and density are similarly critical physical parameters. Humans define spatial volume through philosophical design. The amount of matter within a unit volume constitutes specific gravity or density. Modern physics equates mass with energy under conditions approaching the speed of light; thus, specific gravity and density reflect the quantity of energy within a given volume.

Accordingly, simple mathematical calculations within three-dimensional coordinates quantify the density of "existence" within spatial units.

Modern physics informs us that within observable, calculable space, dark energy and dark matter constitute 95.1%, whereas traditional matter comprises only 4.9%. Science also confirms that dark energy and dark matter are fundamentally non-material.

These conclusions emerge from material philosophy and science methodologies. With recognition of non-material concepts and acceptance by scientific philosophy of the 95.1% ratio occupied by dark energy and dark matter, cosmic-origin philosophy inevitably becomes integral to human knowledge, prompting new philosophical reflections.

(8) Redefinition of non-material physics concepts:

The concept of non-material existence emerges from modern physics and science, informed by Daoist, Buddhist, ancient Greek philosophies, and dialectical materialism. This conceptualization awaits further scientific and philosophical validation.

Non-material existence forms a foundational concept within Aristotle's philosophical cycle of ascending cosmic-origin thought, extending material philosophical contemplation and integrating with it seamlessly.

Understanding non-material existence hinges critically upon comprehensively reassessing mass, analyzing relationships between mass, universal gravitation, and other mechanical forces.

Crucially, distinguishing material and non-material attributes of energy constitutes an essential exploration within existing human knowledge and information.

Equally vital is the exploration and analysis of "informational existence," specifically the "causative" aspect (Yin) of information. Such exploration signifies a breakthrough in human understanding of space, time, and universal Qiankun, representing a divine form of existence.

Information is neither matter nor energy.

In spatial philosophical terms, information exists neither as zero-dimensional nor three-dimensional. For convenience in contemplation, it is provisionally defined as a zero-dimensional existence (Samo Liu, 2025c).

Within philosophical discourse on temporal processes, time itself is information, possessing neither a spatial position nor an original concept of velocity.

Thus, classical and modern physics must fundamentally reevaluate mechanical concepts, categories, and origins. Quantum mechanics, specifically the bosons of the four fundamental forces, warrants renewed reconsideration, particularly regarding bosons associated with the weak nuclear force (Samo Liu, 2024i).

Concepts of wave-particle duality, uncertainty, and entanglement in quantum mechanics should be reexamined within the divine informational paradigm.

VII. CONCLUSION

Whether it is the philosophy of the cosmic origin or Material Philosophy, both are modes of human thought. The creation of the philosophy of the cosmic origin by our ancestors led to contradictions in thought. Aristotle entrusted the 'unknown' to metaphysics and theology, simplifying it into material philosophy, guiding material science to today. Quantum mechanics and relativity have verified the ancestral philosophy of the cosmic origin, compelling humanity to rethink issues concerning space, time, and their interrelationships. The holistic contemplation of the universe has been inspired and corroborated by modern science, and new models of cosmic origins are once again entering human thought.

Aristotle set aside human philosophical contradictions, initiating humanity's exploration into material philosophy and science, leading to nearly 500 years of unprecedented scientific and physical revolutions. Modern physics has now redirected humanity back toward cosmic-origin philosophy.

Linking Daoist, Buddhist, and ancient Greek philosophies through modern science and physics, materialist Dialectics generates renewed philosophical reflections on cosmic origins.

Dialectical materialist analysis suggests cosmic-origin philosophy can resolve theoretical contradictions between quantum mechanics and relativity in modern physics (Samo Liu, 2024g; 2024h; 2024i), The philosophical method of using Aristotle's 'known' to study the 'unknown' provides a modern physics framework, which logically requires further scientific philosophy assessment.

Subsequent discussions and analyses will further elaborate on these cosmic-origin philosophical principles, Clarify its philosophical foundations for academic discussion and critique.

Declaration of Interests:

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

Data Availability Statement:

According to publication standards and terms, data presented in this article are publicly accessible to support knowledge sharing. The author sincerely appreciates contributions from referenced works.

Solely provided funding statement: This research article received no funding support. Publication costs are borne by the author.

Ethical Approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.