Conceptual Challenges of Quantum Field Theory in Technology

In classical theory, phenomena are defined by the model of particles or waves,
aiming to explain reality with certainty. In quantum theory, the phenomena are described
by a quantum state |α, t⟩, which explains the reality with uncertainty. Although in quantum
theory, the reality is probabilistic, the quantum state |α, t⟩ can be determined with certainty
due to the unitarity principle. The technology needs deterministic phenomena, and then
quantum technology must be constructed based on this fundamental quantum state. The

critical point in quantum technology is to build the deterministic phenomena from the quan-
tum state |α, t⟩: this is the main argument in the present article. The realization of quantum

technology comprises three steps: constructing an appropriate quantum state, obtaining its
time evolution, and detecting it deterministically.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Not applicable

The datasets used in this study are openly available at [repository link] and the source code is available on GitHub at [GitHub link].

This work did not receive any external funding.