On Multiverses (or Parallel Universes) of Matrix Triple Solutions of the Diophantine  Equation X3 + Y  6 = Z

Dr. Joachim Moussounda Mouanda

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− Abstract

We show that the Diophantine equation X 3 + Y 6 = Z 6 (0.1) admits matrix triple solutions from M3(N) and M6k(N), k ∈ N. We construct infinite universes made of these solutions. We introduce different construction structures sets of matrix solutions associated to the Diophantine equation (0.1). These construction structures sets of matrix solutions allow us to show that there exists an infinite number of multiverses (parallel universes) of the matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation (0.1) containing each a finite number of universes of matrix triples.

I. INTRODUCTION AND MAIN RESULT

A multiverse (or parallel universes) is the collection of alternate universes that share a universal hierarchy. The idea of the existence of the multiverse has been around for long time. An idea which many theoretical physicists have been trying to prove by using string theory which is a branch of theoretical physics that attempts to reconcile gravity and general relativity with quantum physics. In 2018, Stephen Hawking on his paper entitled "A smooth exit from eternal inflation?" predicted that there are not infinite parallel universes in the multiverse, but instead a limited number and these universes would have laws of physics like our own [4]. The idea of multiverse is not sufficiently understood to the most mathematicians. Perhaps the lack of understanding the existence of the multiverse is due to the fact that mathematicians never deeply study the idea of multiverse in terms of tuples of numbers satisfying an equation (E) which represents the universal stability law of universes contained in the multiverse. Generating universes of tuples of numbers (or matrices) which satisfy a certain equation (E) is an interesting approach. In 2021, Mouanda introduced a new method of computing the Galaxies of sequences of Pythagorean triples [5]. He constructed the multiverse $\mathcal{F}_{2,2,2}(\mathbb{C})$ of Pythagorean triples of complex numbers which has a finite number of universes since

This lead to the introduction of the new theory called "Galaxies Number Theory". This new theory provides us a better understanding of the laws and structures of different universes. The study of the galaxies of the universe of Pythagorean triples of positive integers (matrices or polynomials) gives us a clear understanding of parallel universes. Pythagorean triples have been known and developed since ancient times with the oldest record dating back to 1900 BC [1]. Finding methods for generating Pythagorean triples have been of great interest to mathematicians since Babylonians (from 1900 to 1600 BC). In the literature, there are three classical methods of generating Pythagorean triples. Namely, Pythagoras' method (c. 540BC), Plato's Formula (c. 380 BC) [8] and Euclid's formula (c. 300BC) [2]. There are in three post-classical methods which are Fibonacci's method (c. 1170 - c. 1250), Stifel's method (1544) [11] and Ozanam's Method (1694)[9]. There are two modern methods which are Portia's method and Dickson's method [10, 3]. Recent Mouanda's work on finding the matrix solutions of Diophantine equations shows that matrix exponential Diophantine equations always admit an infinite number of matrix solutions [6].

In this paper, we show that the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ admits not only matrix solutions from the set $M_{3}(\mathbb{N})$ but also matrix solutions from the set $M_{6k}(\mathbb{N}), k \in \mathbb{N}$ . We give some examples of matrix solutions. We construct universes made of these solutions. We introduce different construction structures sets of matrix solutions associated to this Diophantine equation. These construction structures sets of matrix solutions allow us to construct the multiverses (parallel universes) of matrix triple solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ containing each a finite number of universes.

Theorem 1.1. There exists an infinite number of multiverses (parallel universes) of matrix triple solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ containing each a finite number of universes of matrix triples.

II. PROOF OF THE MAIN RESULT

In this section, we construct universes of matrix triple solutions of the Diophantine equation (0.1). We introduce the construction structures sets of matrix triple solutions of this equation. We construct the multiverses of matrix triple solutions of the equation (0.1).

2.1 The Universe of Matrix Triple Solutions of the Diophantine Equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$

Let $f: \mathbb{N}^{3} \longrightarrow \mathbb{N}$ be a function of three variables. Define by

The set $\mathcal{F}(\mathbb{N}^{3})$ is called the universe of triples of positive integers. Every element of the set $\mathcal{F}(\mathbb{N}^{3})$ is called a planet. The equation $f(x,y,z)=0$ is called the stability law of the universe $\mathcal{F}(\mathbb{N}^{3})$ .

Example 1: Let $f_{n,m,k}: N^{3} \longrightarrow N$ be a function of three variables such that

In this case,

Fermat's Last Theorem allows us to say that $\mathcal{F}_{n,n,n}(\mathbb{N}^3) = \{\}$ , with $n \geq 3$ .

Example 2: The universe

has an infinite number of elements. The set $\mathcal{F}_{2,2,2}(\mathbb{N}^{3})$ is called the universe of Pythagorean triples.

Mouanda's recent work on finding matrix solutions of Diophantine equations shows that the universe

is not empty at all for every triple $(n,m,k)$ of positive integers. Assume that n=3 and m=k=6. Let us construct subsets of the universe

Definition 2.1. [7] A matrix $B \in M_n(\mathbb{N})$ is a construction structure of matrix solutions of Diophantine equations if there exist two positive integers $m, \beta$ such that $B^m - \beta \times I_n = 0$ .

Denote by

the set of all construction structures of matrix solutions of Diophantine equations from $M_{n}(\mathbb{N})$ . A matrix Diophantine equation can admit several construction structures. Let $\alpha$ be a positive integer. Let

be a Rare matrix of order 6 and index 1 [6]. The matrix $A_{\alpha}$ allows us to construct an infinite number of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . Indeed, let us notice that $A_{\alpha}^{6} = \alpha \times I_{6}$ . This implies that

Therefore, the matrix triples $(A_{\alpha}^{2}, A_{\beta}, A_{\alpha+\beta}), \alpha, \beta \in \mathbb{N}$ , are solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . In other words, for $\alpha, \beta \in N$ , the matrix triples

are planets of the universe $\mathcal{F}_{3,6,6}(M_6(\mathbb{N})^3)$ . In fact,

The matrix $A_{\alpha}$ is called a construction structure of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ and the triple $(A_{\alpha}, A_{\alpha}, A_{\alpha})$ is called a construction structure triple of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . The matrix $A_{\alpha}$ is not only the unique construction structure of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . The matrix transpose of the matrix $A_{\alpha}$ noted by $A_{\alpha}^{T}$ is also a construction structure of matrix solutions of this equation. Therefore, the triples

are 8 construction structures of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . Every construction structure triple of matrix solutions allows the construction of an infinite universe of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . For example, the construction structure triple $(A_{\alpha}, A_{\alpha}^{T}, A_{\alpha}^{T})$ allows the construction of the infinite universe

We can see that the matrix $A_{\alpha}$ generates 8 infinite universes.

2.2 Construction Structures Set of Matrix Solutions of the Diophantine Equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z$

In this section, we show that the matrix Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ admits matrix solutions in $M_{3}(\mathbb{N})$ and $M_{6\times k}(\mathbb{N}), k \in \mathbb{N}$ . In the case where the matrix solutions are elements of the set $M_{3}(\mathbb{N})$ , we can choose the matrix

to generate construction structures associated to this equation. The set of matrix triples

are solutions of the equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . Let us consider the matrices

The construction structures set $CS(A_{\alpha,1}) = \left\{ A_{\alpha,j}, A_{\alpha,j}^{T}: j = 1,2,3 \right\}$ is noncommutative. The set $CS(A_{\alpha,1})$ is called the construction structures set of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ associated to the matrix $A_{\alpha,1}$ . We can now construct the set

of universes of matrix triple solutions of the Diophantine equation

Assume that the matrix solutions are elements of the set $M_{6}(\mathbb{N})$ , in this case, we can consider the matrices

The set $CS(A_{\alpha,1}) = \left\{A_{\alpha,j}, A_{\alpha,j}^{T}: j = 1,2,..., 5,6\right\}$ is non-commutative. The set $CS(A_{\alpha,1})$ is another construction structures set of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ associated to the matrix $A_{\alpha,1}$ .

2.3 Construction Structures Set of Matrix Solutions of Diophantine Equations

Let $\alpha$ be a positive integer. Assume that $A_{\alpha,1} \in M_n(\mathbb{N})$ is a square matrix of order n and let introduce the associated construction structures set of matrix solutions. Let

be a Rare matrix of order $n$ and index 1. Denote by

The set $CS(A_{\alpha,1}) = \left\{ A_{\alpha,j}, A_{\alpha,j}^{T}: j = 1,2,..., n - 1, n \right\}$ is called the construction structures set of matrix solutions of Diophantine equations. In this case, the set $CS(A_{\alpha,1})$ contains exactly 2n matrices.

2.4 Multiverses Associated to the Construction Structures Sets of Matrix Solutions of the Diophantine Equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z$

The Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ has an infinite number of construction structures sets of different sizes. In particular, matrices from the sets $M_{6k}(\mathbb{N}), k \in \mathbb{N}$ are matrix solutions of this Diophantine equation.

Definition 2.2. A multiverse (or parallel universes) is the collection of alternate universes that share a universal hierarchy.

Let $CS(A_{\alpha,1}) = \{A_{\alpha,j}, A_{\alpha,j}^T: j = 1,2,..., 5,6\}$ be a construction structures set of matrix solution of the Diophantine equation $X^3 + Y^6 = Z^6$ . The set

is called the multiverse of matrix triple solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . The set M is finite. We can now show that every multiverse of matrix triple solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ is finite.

Proof of Theorem 1.1

We need to construct multiverses of matrix solutions elements of the set $M_{6k}(\mathbb{N})$ .

Assume that $k = 1$ . In this case, the matrix solutions are elements of the set $M_6(\mathbb{N})$ , we can consider the matrix

and the construction structures set

has 12 matrices. The universe

is an infinite set. The set

is called the first multiverse of matrix solutions of the equation

$X^3 + Y^6 = Z^6$ . This multiverse has exactly $12 \times 12 \times 12 = 1,728$ universes.

Assume that $k = 2$ . Let

be a Rare matrix of order 12 and index 1. The construction structures set

has 24 matrices. The universe

is an infinite set. The set

is called the second multiverse of matrix solutions of the equation

$X^3 + Y^6 = Z^6$ . This multiverse has exactly $24 \times 24 \times 24 = 13,824$ universes.

Let $k$ be a positive integer and let

be a Rare matrix of order 6k and index 1. Denote by

A_{\alpha , 4}= \left( \begin{array}{c c c c c c c c c}0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & \alpha & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ldots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array} \right), \ldots , A_{\alpha , 6 k - 2}= ( \begin{array}{c c c c c c c c c}0&1&0&0&\ldots&0&0&0&0 \\0&0&1&0&\ldots&0&0&0&0 \\0&0&0&1&\ldots&0&0&0&0 \\0&0&0&0&\ldots&0&0&0&0 \\\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ldots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\vdots \\0&0&0&0&\ldots&{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{0^{\alpha}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{2}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{3}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{4}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{5}}^{6}_{\alpha^ {\prime}}A_{\alpha , k - 2},

It is well known that $A_{\alpha,j}^{6k} = \alpha \times I_{6k}, j = 1, \dots, 6k$ [5]. The set

is the $k^{th}$ construction structures set of the matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . The Diophantine equation

allows us to deduce that

Therefore,

The matrix triples $(A_{\alpha,j}^{2k}, A_{\beta,j}^{k}, A_{\alpha+\beta,j}^{k})$ , $\alpha, \beta \in N$ , satisfy the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . The universe

is an infinite set. The set

is called the $k^{th}$ multiverse of matrix solutions of the Diophantine equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$ . The multiverse $M_{k}$ has

universes of matrix solutions. This yields us the desired result. $\square$

− Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

− Ethical Approval

Not applicable

− Data Availability

The datasets used in this study are openly available at [repository link] and the source code is available on GitHub at [GitHub link].

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This work did not receive any external funding.

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Online published 15 July 2024

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On Multiverses (or Parallel Universes) of Matrix Triple Solutions of the Diophantine Equation X3 + Y 6 = Z

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On Multiverses (or Parallel Universes) of Matrix Triple Solutions of the Diophantine Equation X3 + Y 6 = Z

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I. INTRODUCTION AND MAIN RESULT

II. PROOF OF THE MAIN RESULT

2.1 The Universe of Matrix Triple Solutions of the Diophantine Equation X 3 + Y 6 = Z 6

2.2 Construction Structures Set of Matrix Solutions of the Diophantine Equation X 3 + Y 6 = Z

2.3 Construction Structures Set of Matrix Solutions of Diophantine Equations

2.4 Multiverses Associated to the Construction Structures Sets of Matrix Solutions of the Diophantine Equation X 3 + Y 6 = Z

Proof of Theorem 1.1

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2.1 The Universe of Matrix Triple Solutions of the Diophantine Equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z^{6}$

2.2 Construction Structures Set of Matrix Solutions of the Diophantine Equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z$

2.4 Multiverses Associated to the Construction Structures Sets of Matrix Solutions of the Diophantine Equation $X^{3} + Y^{6} = Z$