The Story of Human Evolution is based on Fctional Fossil Evidence

In a new version of the aquatic-ape theory, Homo sapiens evolved directly from isolated chimpanzees on Galapagos-like volcanic islands in western Africa. The theory explains human features such as the lack of fur, the ability to accumulate subcutaneous blubber, the large brain, and bipedal locomotion. It fits well with principles of evolution, and with anatomy, physiology, genetics, geography and geology. But it does not fit with hominin fossils. This calls for an alternative hypothesis: humans evolved without fossils being formed, and supposed hominin fossils are all misunderstandings. I have studied the published literature, and am convinced that some of the most famous fossil evidence is false: Bones of the Lucy skeleton are probably modern, taken from a burial vault near the discovery site. The Laetoli footprints are probably from Homo sapiens of Pleistocene age. The footprint layer has been covered up to protect it, so geological misinterpretations have not been noticed by visitors. The Turkana Boy Homo erectus skeleton is probably not a fossil, but is a mutilated child of the Congo atrocities of 1885-1908, whose bones were planted at Nariokotome to be discovered by scientists. The Little-Foot skeleton of Sterkfontein Cave is a composite, including probable human foot bones from a medical school. The century-old story of human evolution on the savanna is like an historical fiction novel, in which details need to be invented to make the story educational, interesting, and convincing to readers. Fossils have been required, to quell the unscientific belief in creationism.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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The datasets used in this study are openly available at [repository link] and the source code is available on GitHub at [GitHub link].

This work did not receive any external funding.