A Brief Study and Exploration of the Detailed Concepts of Social and Economic Cooperation with the Limited Opinions of Cooperative Economists on the Cooperation Principles Mansour Mozaffary

I. INTRODUCTION.

With a brief and concise look at human life, we can see that without cooperation, the philosophy of life will not have a proper meaning.

We can go among the people and see how much they have been able to do and can still do by uniting and uniting, and solving many problems.

This is the secret of unity, empathy and unity, which in cooperatives do not face the accumulation of wealth, but with collective wisdom and public thought, they can respond to all their problems with great intimacy and friendship.

This plan itself can replace retail and the accumulation of small and individual sales in the near future, and not only are the products produced on a large scale with essential goals and domestic needs, but the store will also respond to the daily and essential needs of the people on a very large scale.

And it goes without saying that it is this aggression and lack of unity and empathy that makes people more competitive or economic jealousy, and with a little care, a lover and empathizer will offer his life and make no demands.

And we know that many cases of production and distribution should be free and when people

demand money; many principles, rules and customary practices are destroyed.

In fact, by citing numerous sources and references, we easily understand that there are many social commonalities and that man has come to understand his essence with the social environment through cooperation and evolution.

The field of the word cooperation is very wide and this collection wants to present a clear example of the unity and understanding of nations and people.

Because the economy, which is life-giving from the moment of human life, is appropriate for each human being with unity, harmony and behavioral and intellectual understanding, and if, God forbid, they encounter contradictions and conflicts, that is where it will be difficult to continue living.

Man; always suffers from discrimination, boasting and exaggeration, even from the owners of large management; But in cooperation, the law is that they are equal and brotherly and even have one vote in vital and important decisions, and with residential complexes that direct the villas of capitalists towards non-discrimination, equality and balance.

Cooperatives are opposed to decentralization and a welfare life for a special and extravagant few, and life is centralized and exclusive by forming cooperative villages and towns so that even workers do not have to worry about housing, welfare and transportation.

II. IN THE NAME OF GOD

Definitions and introductory discussions of cooperation

1 - Lexical meanings of cooperation

Dehkhoda Dictionary:

To stand together and help each other, to help each other (1)

Nazim al-Ateba:

To help each other, to help each other (2)

Amid Persian Dictionary:

Cooperation, assistance, assistance, participation, to help each other, to help each other (3)

1. Dictionary Vol. 14, p. 754
2. $\{-\text{Nazim al-Atebba Vol. 2, p. 901 with Nafisi’s dictionary}\}$
3. Amid Persian Dictionary Vol. 1, p. 695

Assistance, help, cooperation (1)

3-Moein Persian Dictionary:

Participation and assistance, complicity, to help each other, to help each other (4)

Tabatabai Arabic Dictionary

To provide financial assistance, to cooperate with each other, to help, Cooperation, assistance

Arabic language Al-Munjad:

1. Complicity, cooperation, participation, cooperation, release, help, getting rid of THINGS

2. Arrest, assistance, assistance, assistance, assistance, cooperation, companionship, assistance

Yawar Verdist, partner, companion, helper, help each other, helper, supporter (1)

The meaning of the word "cooperation" is Cooperation, sharing efforts and meeting common needs (2)

Cooperation is derived from the root "aun" and has been included in the chapter of interaction, one of the characteristics of the chapter of interaction is that it expresses.

3-{Education on cooperation and cooperative companies p. 59}

The doer of work that requires two or more people to perform; That is, it requires cooperation (4)

The meaning of the word cooperation, whose Latin term is Cooperation, is to help, mutual assistance and joint efforts. The real meaning of cooperation is the famous slogan one for all and all for one (5)

From all the above definitions, it can be deduced that cooperation has a fundamental unity with the following 7 words. (1)

1. Cooperation
2. Coop
3. Participation
4. Assistance
5. Support
6. Assistance
7. Assistant

Latent theory,

So, cooperation means mutual assistance and cooperation towards each other with a common goal in order to Comparative Study of the Concept and Theory of Cooperation and Cooperatives.

There has certainly been no ambiguity about the concept of cooperation since the early days of creation, because all individuals potentially had multiple theories and implemented the concept of cooperation together in practice. (3)

The concept of cooperation has been with every social phenomenon since the first moments of its existence, and it is the factor that makes its survival, continuity, delivery, and evolution possible. In other words, cooperation is the basis of all the various aspects and aspects of "life."

And its spirit is inherent in the body of existence, and the basis of creation and existence is based on it, and it is the source of the effect and emergence of the creatures of the world.

1. Cooperation is the way to a healthy society, p. 15
2. Cooperation and its basic principles, p. 9
3. Cooperative economics, Chapter 2, p. 25

Cooperation is a way of life and a philosophy for life, and a set of behavioral trends and methods, and at the same time, it is a comprehensive set of principles and foundations of belief and society that are used to guide human life, and cooperation is the foundation and foundation of a new economic and social system that will flourish and develop over time. (2)

Cooperation in its broadest sense is cooperation, assistance, assistance, and joint efforts to meet common needs. (3) With this definition, cooperation has a completely comprehensive concept and goes beyond the limits of a specific place and time, and includes a kind of mutual relationship between individuals, individuals, groups, and groups, the result of which is the use of the achievements of group activity to satisfy needs.

This initial concept and simple form is cooperation itself, and this relationship exists continuously and sincerely at all levels of social life. (4)

Among living beings of different degrees of biological evolution, five important levels of "shared and collective" activities have been observed, which include both the multiple levels of evolution of beings and the concepts of this behavior from the simplest to the most complex and from the most limited to the broadest stages.

In fact, as beings have become more perfect and complex, human societies have also advanced towards perfection. Collective activities, i.e. cooperatives, have expanded towards more and more complexity, diversity and multiplicity... (5) The field of action and scope of the word (cooperation) is very wide and finds clear examples in all aspects of human life.

1. Cooperation and its basic principles, p. 10
2. Cooperative teachings, p. 23
3. Cooperatives of consumers of food diets, p. 1
4. Examining the position of cooperation in the country's foreign trade, p. 4
5. Cooperation and its basic principles, p. 12

In any case, although the words cooperation and cooperative are lexical in origin, there is a difference in meaning and concept between these two words in terms of field of action, method of work, quality and results obtained.

The concept of the word cooperation, whose Latin term is equivalent to cooperative, is a special company or organization that a number of people form arbitrarily and in accordance with special regulations and principles in order to meet their material needs. (1)

In simpler terms, the meaning of cooperatives is companies or organizations that are formed on the basis of cooperation principles (2)

Therefore, the word cooperative is always used the form of an organization or company in which a number of people are engaged in activities. It comes to mind, while the word cooperation conjures up the idea of helping others or seeking help from others.

The basis of cooperatives is actually based on the financial economic method.

This method guarantees the provision and generalization of social justice in various societies, and nations and countries derive maximum material and spiritual benefits from it. Therefore, in the last few years, cooperative companies have expanded day by day throughout the world. (3)

In addition, a cooperative company is an organization composed of individuals who voluntarily come together to achieve a common goal or goals and form an economic organization that is governed on the basis of democracy, and each of them fairly contributes to providing the necessary capital.

And they assume responsibility for the profits and losses resulting from the operations in which they have effectively participated.

1. Cooperative education and cooperative companies p. 60
2. Cooperative education and cooperative companies p. 60
3. Cooperative. In any case, although the words cooperation and cooperative are of the same root in terms of lexical origin, there is a difference in meaning and concept between these two words in terms of the field of action, the way of working, the quality and the results obtained.

The concept of the word cooperation, whose Latin term is equivalent to cooperative, is a special company or organization that some people form in order to meet their material needs at will and in accordance with special rules and principles. (1)

In simpler terms, the meaning of cooperatives is companies or organizations that are formed on the basis of the principles of cooperation (2)

Therefore, the word cooperative always comes to mind as an organization or company in which some people are engaged in activities. While the word cooperation embodies helping others or asking for help from others in the mind.

The basis of cooperatives is actually based on the financial economic method.

This method guarantees the provision and generalization of social justice in various societies, and nations and countries derive maximum material and spiritual benefits from it. Therefore, in the last few years, cooperatives have been expanding day by day all over the world. (3)

In addition, a cooperative is an organization composed of individuals who voluntarily come together to achieve a common goal or goals and form an economic organization that is governed on a democratic basis, and each of them fairly contributes to providing the necessary capital.

And take responsibility for their share of the profit and loss resulting from the operations in which they have effectively participated.

1. Cooperative Education and Cooperatives, p. 60
2. Cooperative Education and Cooperatives, p. 60
3. Cooperative Economics, p. 25

In other words, a cooperative is an organization composed of a group of individuals who have realized the similarity of their needs and each other and, as a result of intellectual growth, have developed the belief that through unity and cooperation with others and collective work, they can be more successful and victorious in meeting their common needs and improving their material and social conditions than individual efforts. (1)

However, the crisis and stagnation of economic activities and the increasing problems and problems of the human world, especially regarding the weaker classes of people, in this era led a group of social reformers, writers and thinkers in the field of science and knowledge to present reform ideas and establish the scientific discussion of cooperation in its present form. In this quotation, we will summarize their many views:

Robert OWEN (RABERTOWN): 18 - 1771 He always believed that through cooperation, many problems of human life can be solved.

While "OWEN" informed his wealthy contemporaries about the rights of workers through action, he made them understand that, like oppressive employers, they should not think that fellow human beings are slaves. And they should always be exploited like slaves, but with cooperation and common sense, while respecting all subordinates, we can provide the basis for consultation and consultation with them until their talents flourish and, side by side with each other, they work with all their might to meet the material and spiritual needs of their society. (1)

"On" as a committed and passionate factory owner and in every sense an example in that era when there were no principles other than savagery and barbarism. He always tried to provide all kinds of comforts for his workers and insure them against all kinds of accidents.

1- Cooperative Economy

For this purpose, he established regulations for workers that were not only exemplary in every way, but also observed all human principles, and the workers employed by "Owen" enjoyed health insurance, social security, jobs, etc., and lived away from the dangers of unemployment, unlike his other comrades who died under the oppression of other employers.

"OWEN" was strongly opposed to class differences among the people of society and considered it a very important factor for social conflicts and economic collapse.

He sought the root of all people's problems in the health of the economy of the society.

In OWEN's view, all the working and laboring classes of society had a series of human principles and he made those principles the basis of the relationship between the worker and the employer and they seemed amazing in every way. He was strongly opposed to the liberalism of capitalism and competition and considered it a matter of language and harm. (2)

OWEN, in his criticisms of capitalism and the design of a cooperative society, considers the three elements of society, culture and thought to be effective.

That is, relying on the ideas and perceptions of the UTILITARIAN school of hedonism, England introduces a specific image of man in such a way that in these human activities and behaviors, the main goal is human happiness and if selfish actions are set aside and the happiness of fellow human beings is emphasized and approved; The social environment is conducive to economic activities, and individual and social interests are combined, and cooperation is automatically created through self-government and thought, and through unity in society.

His criticisms of the prevailing conditions of society at that time have an impact, and the influence of classical English economists is clearly visible. Because he believes that the only social agents or the main executors of the revolution or revolutionary men such as Saint-Simon and Fourier are not intellectual theorists; rather, it is pragmatists, enlightened agents, and social reformists who realize the revolution

Undoubtedly, "His" commodity theory expresses the fact that the workers of the Ministry of Labor have poor working conditions and inadequate living conditions. It conveys the fact that one of the important factors of such a situation is the use of "money" which destroys the real value of products. So he always considers a kind of two-way exchange between communities based on the value of labor.

"He" who has traveled to most European countries to propagate and promote his ideas. Finally, as an intellectual businessman and a militant leader and founder of cooperatives, he had a great impact on public opinion. (1)

The term "cooperative" was first mentioned by Owen in 1821. And by studying the living conditions of the workers of his factory, he presented the philosophy of cooperatives.

He presented the plan of forming cooperative villages to the society and based on that, he believed that the implementation of that program would solve the problem of unemployment and eradicate poverty and public housing. (1) He believed that attracting inactive urban people to these villages, as well as the majority who are burning in the fire of poverty caused by unemployment, the least benefit that it leaves is to create a relatively decent income that they can live.

"She" said that if the governments plan to form cooperative villages, they will put their actions on the agenda.

presented the cooperative.

Her proposed plan was to give 1,500 hectares of land to 1,000 families and provide them with all the means of welfare, and this community should do agricultural and industrial work together. The kitchen in the shared house should prepare everyone's food, but the residence should be separate and independent.

She considered that by establishing cooperative villages of all public affairs of the production and administration of the village in the hands of the people and their inhabitants, thereby eliminating the privileges existing between the ruler and the condemned. (4)

The epidemic of unemployment has been cured forever, and the active and unused forces; the vast majority of the people who have remained unemployed in the past and present, can be fully utilized.

3- History of Economic Thoughts and Ideas, pp. 108 and 107 4- Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 34

Cooperative villages practiced a system of commodity exchange among themselves, and he acknowledged that not only agricultural communities, city dwellers, but also all nations of the world can practice and popularize such a method in their social and economic life. (1)

His theory later went further and took on a social form, which, as a result of these humanitarian ideas and thoughts, considers the economy to be based on culture and thought, morality and civilization, and ignoring religion as the main core of human social life is one of the greatest shortcomings of this thinking.

He always referred to the sub-set. He paid special attention to religious teachings and religious instructions, and that is why he devoted his life to serving humanity (2) and for the first time in the world he founded residential complexes for workers and immigrants. Within this community, all work is planned centrally and implemented collectively. The distribution of goods is also carried out centrally, taking into account the hierarchy of age and necessity. In such a system, market mechanisms such as trade and money will be wasteful and useless. (3)

1. Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 31
2. History of Economic Ideas and Thoughts, p. 107
3. Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 35

According to his plan, each region or area makes the production of a specific type of commodity the focus of its efforts, and thus the activities of the various regions include a variety of products that can collectively meet the needs of all people from all classes and professions.

He tried to eliminate and destroy the words exploitation and commercial profit from the dictionary of economic activities and insisted that all agricultural and industrial products. They should be exchanged on the basis of a fair price, and this fair price is actually the wage paid to the worker or producer for the production of the commodity. (1)

Robert Onn believed that there was only one price, the price of the finished work, which could be the standard and means of exchange, and that other rights, such as brokerage, labor fees, and the like, were considered illegitimate.

Onn taught the working class that in order to secure union rights and economic and social welfare, the ranks of this group should unite in thought and action with cooperatives and form a single line with them, which today is called the unity of efforts of cooperatives and labor unions.

He practically participated in the establishment and creation of cooperative villages with his community. His belief in cooperation rather than competition and his optimism that education could completely shape the self-interest of others.

Published under the title "A New View of Society" in 1813, later when "Onn" was organizing cooperative villages in America, he advocated the abolition of the metal-based monetary system and instead promoted the issuance of tickets defined in terms of units of labor and awarded to workers in return for the amount of work done, and his ideas formed the basis of the labor theory of value. (2)

"Onn" believed that it was not only the problem of distribution that had to be solved, but the problem of culture and the form of production and, in short, the real happiness of human society were the main problems for which a solution had to be foreseen. In his view, the provision of real human happiness was the only goal that should not be neglected, and he always paid more than anything else a deep attention to the provision and enjoyment of culture.

"Onn" attached special importance to environmental conditions and said that first one should change the living environment of man and then build the foundations of his palace of happiness.

1- Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 32
2- Great Economists of the World, p. 14

He was strongly influenced by the hard life of the working class and tried to free the leadership of machinery and industry from the hands and feet of the workers.

"Owen's dedication and attention to moral issues was so great that he was introduced among other more distinguished and prominent leaders to the extent that he is known as one of the great teachers of human moral issues." And for this reason, "Onn" is called the leader of a special type of cooperation and cooperation because the movement that he advocated is full of spiritual values. (1)

He always tried to arouse the humanitarian feelings of the wealthy and the wealthy towards the working class. He opposed Malthus' theory (that population growth was a major obstacle to economic development) and believed that cooperation could provide food for the people of the world (2). Finally, he is considered one of the great founders of the International Union of Cooperatives because the existence of this international society was inspired by his plan and thought.

Charles Fourier (1772-1837), Fourier always focused on production and said that as much as possible should be produced. The idea of high production prevented him from paying attention to other important issues such as social justice and a proper distribution system. And in his opinion, the more production is increased, the more the national income will become more suitable and poverty and want will gradually disappear.

1- Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 32 2-Cooperative Economics, p.8

Fourier sought to "solve economic and social problems in a cooperative society" and he believed that in order to cut off intermediaries and prevent illegal commercial operations, the members of society, including workers, farmers, and artisans, should be concentrated in cooperative organizations and collective units.

Therefore, for this purpose, he presented a plan based on which the residents of a district or area should unite and organize themselves, pool their property, both movable and immovable, and unify the boundaries between them, and work and live physically in a single farm (2).

In addition, Fourier's main purpose in eliminating property boundaries does not mean to collectize it, but rather to unite and socialize scattered production units.

Undoubtedly, Fourier is one of the pioneering architects of urban and civic life today.

Charles Fourier called cooperative organizations the Phalange and introduced its administrative organization as the Flanster. The members of each phalanx unit were determined to be between 400 and 2000 people, and 45 phalanstery were to be established on a land area of two thousand hectares (3).

The main activity of their phalanster group included agricultural production, supporting manual and professional work that farmers engaged in during times of unemployment to increase their income. Unlike "Aunt" Vossin-Simon, Fourier was never affected by the "Industrial Revolution". (4)

The affairs of the phalanster were managed by its members, and each individual took on a task, and in this way they all gained experience in all matters of society and its management, including social and economic work.

1. Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, pp. 36 and 35
2. Cooperative Economics, p. 28 and Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 36
3. Cooperative Economics, p. 28
4. Social Philosophy. In Fourier's view, a worker who chooses a certain type of profession every day and always works in it. Over time, this monotonous job becomes boring for him.

Whereas if he had another job, he could use it when necessary, at least not only to create job security but also to diversify his job.

He taught that consumer affairs should take an organized and structured form and be subject to social systems and regulations in such a way that everyone can participate in it, and the purpose of establishing a phalanx is to concentrate these matters.

Based on Fourier's teachings, municipal and municipal organizations intervened in the distribution of goods and food and undertook this social task in the form of distribution cooperatives. They also paid guaranteed loans to individuals in order to cut off the influence of usurers, insured the people, and made a series of side economic activities such as agriculture and animal husbandry the focus of their efforts, and in this way, they were able to eliminate many of the daily problems of the people. He considered democracy in phalanxes to be one of the foundations of cooperation and cooperation, and considered the desire to cooperate as the basis for the formation of a cooperative company.

Fourier stated his purpose in establishing the phalanx of a united group: to exclude the hoarders who owned the means of production.

He expressed his intention in establishing the phalanx of a united group: to exclude the hoarders who owned the means of production.

He always tried to free the worker from slavery and to place all factors of production at the service of the human agent.

"Fourier" was the first person to defend labor rights. His efforts were based on the principle that all members of society should be protected from the risk of unemployment and should enjoy and be insured with the rights and benefits of unemployment.

And it would be appropriate to call him the father of the social philosophy of full employment. (1).

Because he saw man under the influence of social systems with inherent motivation and internal tendencies along with stages of natural manifestations (2).

1. Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, pp. 39 and 38
2. History of Economic Thought and Beliefs, p. 102
3. Philippe Boucher (1769-1861)

Inspired by the spiritual school of Christianity, he presented a reformist plan. According to Boucher's plan, the government should establish banks and provide credit through them to labor organizations. (1).

He believed in a democratic republican government in which the state owned everything except worker cooperatives. Boucher proposed two early cooperative principles that were taken into consideration, which were:

1. The reserves of production cooperatives cannot be divided even after the company is dissolved.
2. All workers of production cooperatives must be members of the company and all members must work in the company. (2)

Philippe Boucher, above all, paid special attention to production cooperatives and considered them effective for social and economic progress. Louis Blanc (1812-1882).

In Louis Blanc's opinion, individuals and groups should enjoy the protection and support of the state.

He believed that society should provide the opportunity for each person to work in proportion to his ability and provide him with human rights for life, and this is not possible in the shadow of economic freedom and class differences.

To solve this problem, Louis Blanc proposes large manufacturing companies, the basis of which is freedom of choice and "cooperation and collaboration". (3).

Louis Blanc is a supporter of "state economy", but in his plan for cooperatives, he considers government intervention in cooperatives to be necessary, subject to the provision of financial resources, and prefers the state's high supervision over production matters to intervention.

He proposes that all production centers should be managed in a popular cooperative manner and a social system that is supported by the state and that it should produce the products needed and essential for the people of the community. He considers it one of the best and most successful methods in production.

Louis Blanc says that the payment of salaries and wages should be grouped based on the work done, the type of job and profession, and the way people work. In his opinion, the income of production units, after deducting government claims, will be divided into three parts.

1- Equal shares among members
2-Pension fund
3- Special for crisis-hit industries

He believes that government intervention should not cause economic units to lose their independence and jeopardize their existence as a social unit. Rather, the government's duty is always to provide for various units and to guide and coordinate economic activities. (1).

He considers the government economy to be at the service of the people of society and does not consider progress for the country's economy without the cooperation and assistance of social individuals.

Because Louis Blanc believes that the government has always been the main driver and factor in creating cooperation and cooperation among people and has a significant to important role to Economics.

Georges Fouquet (1953) - (1873) He has always paid attention to "cooperative economics" and considers it related to the private sector. (3).

"Fouquet" believes that there must be an economic motive and factor for the formation of a cooperative company.

1. Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 62; 3. Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 152
2. Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 152

And without such a motive, the formation of a cooperative company is impossible.

He considers the basis of "cooperation" and the formation of a cooperative company to be to achieve an economic goal, because people usually come together when they have a common goal and the interests of all of them are considered.

"Fouquet" says that cooperative organizations can become members of cooperative federations on the basis of unity and join together like links in a chain and develop this unity and eventually create a state.

Georges Fouquet divides economic systems into four parts:

1. State economy (public sector)
2. Capitalist economy (developed and macro)
3. Rural, artisanal, family economy (private sector) or non-capitalist and micro..
4. Cooperative economy

He relates the cooperative sector to the third part and believes that "cooperation" is in fact a structure consisting of small units of the family economy, rural economy and artisanal economy. In this regard, cooperatives that are formed spontaneously and without government assistance can be included in cooperatives and, according to "Foucault", "cooperation is a private matter". (1)

Foucault believes that cooperatives will remain sustainable and that the "political determinism of the environment" and the "nature of economic organizations" as two effective elements will play a significant role in the development and progress of cooperatives. (2).

1. Introduction to the organization of worker cooperatives, p. 20
2. Social philosophy of cooperatives, p. 153
3. Loie Dubroker

He believes that labor unions can prepare the ground for the transition from the social to the economic stage and train workers so that they are capable of economic activities. (1).

While recommending unity and joint economic activity, he says that we should pool our material and spiritual resources, integrate our thoughts and actions, and make collective production the centrality of cooperatives.

Dubroker is in favor of the concentration of power in the hands of central governments, and from this point on, the members of society, like mindless machines, have no choice but to carry out the orders of higher authorities. If this trend continues, the intellectual development of the members of society will not only not progress towards perfection, but will also plunge the entire society into deadly poverty.

Finally, he says, the spirit of cooperation emerges and takes the form of cooperative institutions when the national economy is placed at the service of the general public and is freed from government guardianship and guidance. (2).

Definition of cooperation and its nature and goals
Definitions of cooperation,

1. Cooperation means self-help and collective cooperation to achieve a common goal with the slogan "one for all and all for one". (3)
2. It is the term for concentrating the resources and efforts of individuals and using them to achieve a specific goal by meeting the common needs of individuals. (4)
3. Social Philosophy of Cooperatives, p. 210
4. Education and Promotion of Cooperative Principles and Thoughts, p. 18
5. Introduction to the Organization of Worker Cooperatives, p. 29
6. Cooperative Rights, p. 3

Cooperation means the collective participation and cooperation of people in solving economic problems (1).

The Nature of Cooperatives:

1. It is the foundation and foundation of a new economic and social system that will flourish and develop over time(2)
2. Cooperatives are a combination of self-help and mutual aid, which tends to build universal human values. (3)

Cooperation in its own sense is a type of cooperation and participation of individuals. To establish and create a center, especially for the essential production of people.

And also an economic organization by accepting principles that reject commercialism and exploitation of the individual. (4).

Objectives of Cooperatives:

1. Providing various fields for people's participation

2. Spreading the culture and thought of cooperation among all human societies.

3. Creating centers and towns to concentrate the activities of cooperatives.

4. Enhancing human life and providing security for its continuation.

5. Creating the basis for human activities in a shared way in which minds and souls are focused.

6. Creating employment opportunities and ensuring job security, especially for young people.

7. Providing necessary care and interaction with all members to prevent disputes.

8. Meeting the common needs of individuals and improving the economic and social situation of members through self-help and mutual assistance.

9. Encouraging individuals to be content and save in accordance with cooperative principles.

10. Preventing the monopoly of wealth and establishing balance and equilibrium in society.

11. Eliminating unjustified discrimination and inappropriate class differences.

12. Serious struggle against poverty, moral corruption and social and economic backwardness

13. Reviewing the suggestions and criticisms of the people and presenting the best method of cooperation and public services

14. Gathering all moral values with economic goals and meeting the common needs of individuals in a system based on virtue and salvation

15. Cooperatives: A Path to a Healthy Society, p. 21

16. Consumer Cooperatives and Cooperative Regimes, p. 1

17. Cooperation and Its Basic Principles, p. 10

18. Teaching and Promoting the Principles and Thoughts of Cooperatives, p. 16

19. The Subject of Cooperation

The general subject of cooperation is matters that involve the life and livelihood of "all beings who cooperate to meet their common needs."

But in the specific subject of cooperation, the issue of man and meeting the common needs of the people is raised through mutual cooperation.

5. Types of Cooperation

1. Social Group cooperation based on providing services and activities in society in such a way that its benefit is general and comprehensive.
2. Economic: Here, popular cooperation is used in all economic fields, including agriculture, industry, mining, etc., to meet livelihood needs.
3. Political: Cooperation in order to expand public opinion about the events that occur daily between the government and the people.
4. Cultural: In this section, all-out efforts by the people are observed in promoting and disseminating common and accepted matters in society.
5. Religious: More cooperation and joint efforts in religious and spiritual matters in order to strengthen moral values that, as a group, have a special sanctity.
6. Legal: In legal cooperation, cooperation and assistance of an organization, person or persons due to the height of legal problems, including civil, criminal, private... and always defend the public rights of the people.
7. Natural: Cooperation and assistance of all beings throughout the universe.

6- History and Cooperative Movement

In the history of human societies, there have always been cases where human beings have cooperated with each other for educational and research purposes. In fact, the beginning of cooperation and cooperation among humans can be considered at the beginning of human creation. Even all living beings have a kind of cooperation for the survival of their generation.

The first phenomenon of cooperation among humans is the formation of families, then the creation of tribes and finally urban communities. Therefore, cooperation is not a phenomenon of new civilization (1)

The human body is also unable to continue its life even for a moment without the cooperation and cooperation of existing members and elements.

Cooperation has a value in history and in each of the social spheres, especially economic and livelihood, and from an economic point of view: the era of social cooperation began from the beginning of human social life and gradually evolved from the 15th century until it has taken its current form. The principle of industrial or scientific cooperation; With the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution, the eighteenth century begins (2)

1-Cooperative Economy p. 26
2-Cooperative Economy p. 26

In ancient times, a limited population had enough land, water, and means of primary production and hunting at the disposal of the same limited number of people, and each person within a closed economy met their needs in a self-sufficient manner, but with the increase in population and the emergence of production centers and the employment of workers, the "capitalist" economic system gradually came into being. This system led to the formation of capitalist and worker classes, which were opposed to each other due to the conflict of interests, and after that, thinkers and reformers sought to find a solution and in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, they presented recommendations and plans for the use of cooperation and to solve problems. (1)

According to research, around 3000 BC, cooperative and quasi-cooperative institutions existed in Egypt, and also, based on the laws of Hammurabi, the king of Babylon in 2000 BC, it gives information about the cooperative agricultural method. (2)

Therefore, it can be believed that since the beginning of creation and the beginning of the system of existence, all divine messengers have always emphasized, based on the heavenly books and supernatural inspirations, cooperation and solidarity among their people and all humans for all ages.

In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, respectively in the years 476 and 1453 AD, and even in ancient times, as well as in the era of Plato and Aristotle, about six hundred years before Christ, evidence of joint efforts and cooperation is found. (3)

In ancient Rome, the history of craft cooperatives and artisans' workers dates back to 450 years before Christ, and each rank had its own cooperative organization. (4)

1. Cooperative Law, p. 11
2. Economics of Cooperative Institutions, p. 5 and History of Economic Ideas, p. 31, 15 and 5
3. Cooperative Economics, p. 26
4. Cooperatives, the Path to a Healthy Society, p. 21
5. (Cooperative Movement)

The cooperative movement helps to reduce the many contradictions of life and find a basis for everyone to cooperate with each other.

It helps and teaches us that for social and economic progress, members of cooperatives must cooperate and share efforts. (1)

The origin of the rise and development of the modern cooperative movement must be sought in the profound economic, social and political developments and changes that emerged in Europe in the late eighteenth century and were manifested throughout the nineteenth century. (2)

In 1844: 28 English weavers came together and created the first cooperative company and are known in the history of the cooperative movement as the pioneers of the "Racheldales". (3)

This group, known in the West as the pioneers of cooperatives, always followed the path of the divine prophets, who considered defending the disadvantaged in society and serving the people as the highest acts of worship. Through their innate beliefs and adherence to the four gospels (Matthew, John, Luke, Mark), their connection with religious leaders, and their enjoyment of religious festivals and customs in Christian culture, they gained unparalleled acceptance among the people of that time in England in 1844. It did not take long for this religious movement to replace the capitalist economy throughout Britain.

And it always offered principles and guidelines naturally and without any control to all cooperative companies around the world.

Among cooperative thinkers, perhaps Robert Owen was more interested in the pioneers of the cooperative movement than others because his views were always presented as a model for them.

Owen believed that through cooperation, all people on earth can be saved from the danger of poverty and provided for.

1. Education and promotion of cooperative principles and ideas, p. 17
2. Education and promotion of cooperative principles and ideas, p. 18
3. Cooperative economy and institutions, p. 5

Owen's plan to form cooperative villages played a significant role in the special leap of the "cooperative movement". And the formation of the phalanastery by Charles Fourier

These cooperative economists considered the only solution to livelihood problems in the cooperative movement to be the fight against private property and competition in order to advance the economic system.

Finally, the cooperative movement caused cooperation to spread from a state of effort to an intellectual movement among human societies.

Cooperation in the present era

Today, cooperation always exist between individuals in all human communities.

The people of the society are also in contact with consumer cooperatives for their own share and based on their respective needs. And the cooperative way of life has been accepted by many people.

Cooperatives have always been a center for focusing thoughts and ideas and collective action to meet common needs.

Cooperatives have long fought against economic obstacles and disadvantages for social reform and have always preferred public welfare to private interests (1)

Cooperative enterprises, together with their members, are trying to increase the trust of individuals in entrusting their savings to the cooperative, and in this way not only savings are increased but also participation and cooperation are promoted with confidence.

Currently, cooperation is considered a scientific and specialized field all over the world, and hence many scientific centers under the name of cooperatives solve many problems with cooperation and group unity.

Cooperatives in the present era, p. 13

III. CONCLUSION

Finally, it is clearly seen that a concept of "unity" along with "unity", "partnership" and "assistance" is derived from the concept of cooperation.

And scientists also try to emphasize numerous cooperatives within the framework of this cooperation and promote the economy from an individual and exclusive state to a general, group and popular economy.

Theories of cooperative economists: They have never been in conflict with the theories of other economists, but they always emphasize common economic principles with the condition of participation and unity for necessary and commonly needed goals.

We conclude that the economic plan of the first cooperative economist of England was welcomed not only by the people of 200 years ago but also by other economic experts because of its excessive support for workers.

Because, despite the owners of wealth and capital, he paid more attention to the worker and his livelihood, which plays a fundamental role in production, than to his property.

Because, as all owners of souls and minds clearly know, human beings, whether male or female, are very sensitive and easily influenced by their whims and desires. It is the obligations of economic ethics that make him, in very difficult circumstances, not hesitate to observe the protection of property, other than sacrificing his life. If his mood is not observed and the employer is always in the best of circumstances and the worker is in the worst of circumstances, the day will finally come when the rich man's gathered harvest will be reduced to ashes by the worker's anger.

Therefore, by prioritizing economic ethics over some economic principles, it is possible to create security so that the capitalist can leave small business and focus on large-scale trade and production.

So cooperation, with a history of several thousand years and with greater accuracy, can be believed that since the beginning of creation, and especially the prophets, have always preached, promoted and emphasized the solidarity of divine attachment to the firm rope and unity for all humans and for all specialized and non-specialized members.

And it is with this cooperation and unity that all nations and peoples can achieve a unity of approach and stay away from all conflicts and unnecessary conflicts. Because so far, by maintaining unity and cohesion, humanity has been able to achieve a life without calamities, and it goes without saying It is clear that with the lack of unity and numerous social discriminations, not only will there be no place for comfort, but they will also neglect their daily priorities and their work will become unstable, unstable and independent. In this regard, social conflicts will narrow the field for them and one after another will become victims of wars and social aggressions.

Therefore, cooperatives with humane principles and Islamic divine principles can honestly and decisively fulfill the necessities of the international life of the monotheistic people working in each of the centers, away from any unnecessary and luxurious expenses.