Abstract
The inverse-square law (ISL) is used widely in physics, astronomy, celestial mechanics, cosmology, and other branches of sciences from the very beginning of classic physics up to date. But the development of modern physics and cosmology reveals that ISL becomes a big source of two problems. First, crucial cosmic-scale problems concerning gravity such as the accelerating expansion of the universe, the anomaly in galaxy rotation speed, the missing baryon problem, and dark matter remain unsolved. Second, Coulomb’s electrostatic law, DLVO theory, Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential, and Yukawa potential were described imperfectly nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. The reasons connect to the ISL and the inverse-proportional law (IPL) consequence of which these laws will be deducted slowly from scientific and practical applications. In this paper, a possible using the open hysteresis instead of ISL and IPL is proposed. The open hysteresis law can work from particle physics to cosmology.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
Not applicable
Data Availability
The datasets used in this study are openly available at [repository link] and the source code is available on GitHub at [GitHub link].
Funding
This work did not receive any external funding.
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