Abstract
In this work, based on the analysis of specific biological examples, the previously unknown principle of “minimum energy expenditure” is investigated. This principle plays a fundamental role in speciation, the formation of biodiversity, trophic chains, ecological niches, as well as in ensuring the long-term existence of a biological species, population, and individual organism. The central idea of this principle is that among many possible scenarios, the one that requires the least energy expenditure for its continued existence is chosen. This, in turn, provides the selected scenario with a minimum of entropy, that is, maximum certainty. This regularity is characteristic of all established biological objects and processes. This generalized principle applies to a wide range of biological phenomena—from low-molecular processes to the biospheres level—and is one of the fundamental properties of open systems.This principle may play a significant role in the design and construction of modern technological, artificial, and resilient biological constructs and robots.
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